Wedding Traditions around the world - 1343 Words

Informative Speech- Wedding Traditions around the world. Topic- Marriage rituals around the world. Purpose statement-Even though getting married is one of the things we all share in the world, everyone has their own unique way of doing it. Organizational Pattern- Specific Introduction Attention Getter- Wasn’t the day of your wedding one of the most special days of your life? I got married last year, a big full traditional wedding, and it was definitely very special and very memorable, and if you’re not married yet I’m sure you’ll want your wedding to be memorable. Connection to Audience- First of all, what is it that makes a wedding memorable? Is it the fact that two people are pledging their love for each other? Or†¦show more content†¦The bride is also presented with Indonesian flower arrangements. Hey Morocco shows us that the Moroccan marriage traditions start with the payment of a dowry from the groom to the bride. The dowry includes a lot of precious jewelry, cars, houses, and or even property. Other gifts are more symbolic such as sugar to represent happy life, milk for purity, dates, water, orange flower andShow MoreRelatedA Black (And White) Wedding: Traditional Filipino and Spanish Marriage Ceremonies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWhite) Wedding: Traditional Filipino and Spanish Marriage Ceremonies The concept of marriage has existed in nearly all human cultures throughout history, though its participants, basis, and goals have varied a great deal. Still, in almost all modern societies it is seen as a person’s most important relationship and the foundation of family. Therefore, it is not surprising that weddings, the celebration of marriage, are treated as important, milestone events in countries around the world. Such ceremoniesRead MoreLiterature Speech : Universal Wedding Traditions1072 Words   |  5 Pages220-1200 Literature Speech: Universal Wedding Traditions Some of us dream of the perfect wedding, the dress, the flowers, and even the guest. Some of us spent months, even years to plan such ceremony without acknowledgement of what it truly means. For example, The meaning of the most common rituals, such as the honeymoon, veils , and the dresses. You know the basics of a wedding, now I am here to enhance your perceptions. Moving right along , when and where did weddings emerge? It’s meaning and how hasRead MoreDating and Marriage in Japan Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesJapan Dating Marriage Customs Project Love is in the air. Although this may sound like a cliche it is true. Love is prevalent in every society all around the world. The feelings associated with love may be the same all over, but how love is approached can vary. 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A white wedding usually takes place in aRead MoreA Brief Note On Cross Culture Of India928 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge about the other country cultures there languages how they like to live because in this world we can meet any one in any situations. That’s why it’s necessary for us to have knowledge about the cultures of the other country there people, there style of living, festivals, education systems, cuisines, weddings and the most important one their languages. India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The culture of India varies from place to place within the country. The Indian culture is

Questions On Sources Of Finance - 1696 Words

In this assignment, four different sources of finance preferably two short term and two long term sources of funding will be discussed and identified. Secondly, it will also talk about and select to non-financial companies listed on the London Stock Exchange and will find their most current financial statements based on the last 5 years. I have selected Tesco and Sainsbury’s as my two non financial companies. Thirdly, I will then define and converse the pros and cons of each source of funding and compare and contrast between one another. In addition, will be evaluating the differences and compare the two non-financial companies over the 5 year phase. I will then calculate the financial values through my research and provide figures and†¦show more content†¦Failure to do so could lead to financial downturn and loss of using the property again. Bank Overdraft – Bank Overdraft is a service given from the bank to a customer which allows them to withdraw cash even after the account reaches zero. This is to be paid with interest unless you have a student account which allows you to do so without interest up to a specific amount. Bank overdraft is also a short term service of funding. Pros: Overdraft is easy to manage and helps in case of an emergency when you do not have cash in your account. The service of a bank overdraft is quick and easy to arrange and will be serviced in your time of need. Cons: The overdraft service carry interest fees which are often higher than the fees for a loan. You will also face a high rate of charge if you exceed the agreed overdraft limit. The bank can also recall the gifted overdraft at any particular time if you fail to make payments or if you have breached the terms and conditions. Security can be affected if payments are not met where the bank have no choice but to take personal assets to make up the payment. Bank Loans - A bank loan is a source of finance given to a customer from the bank to be paid back on or before a set date with interest (businessdictionary.com, 2014) This is the most common source of finance especially for potential business owners that do not have enough capital to start up a business and turn to the bank for capital. There are manyShow MoreRelatedEfficient Market Hypothesis1521 Words   |  7 Pages13 Efficient Market Hypothesis Road Map Part A Introduction to Finance. Part B Valuation of assets, given discount rates. Part C Determination of discount rates. Part D Introduction to corporate finance. †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). †¢ Capital investment decisions (capital budgeting). †¢ Financing decisions. 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Key departments within businesses Departments in businesses all partake in important roles, departments such as human resources, accounting and finance, production amongst others remain vital to the company so it can work progressively. However, there are key departments which are desired more than others. Human resources is considered key within the business, job roles consisting of recruiting employeesRead MoreThe Key Departments Of The Business1529 Words   |  7 Pagesenlighten the research procedure used and significant complications which have been encountered throughout. Key departments within businesses Departments in businesses all partake in important roles, departments such as human resources, accounting and finance, production amongst others remain vital to the company so it can work progressively. However, there are key departments which are desired more than others. Human resources is considered key within the business, job roles consisting of recruitingRead MoreGfsgsdf Hshsdfshfd Sdhgw1479 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the purpose of managing resources effectively, not only in relation to human resources but also in terms of physical and technological resources. Learners will also gain an understanding of how an organisation can gain access to sources of finance, both internally and externally and be able to interpret financial statements. There are clear links between this unit and many of the other units; it serves as a useful introduction to areas that may be covered in depth in further units. Read MoreConcepts of Islamic Finance Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages Islamic finance is the system that practicing financial services according to the principles and rules of the Islamic commercial jurisprudence. It is a system that operates the services based on Islamic law which is called shari’ah which is based on Al-Quran and Sunnah. The objective of the Islamic finance is maximizing profit by minimizing loss but at the same time taking consideration on the welfare (maslahah). In Islamic finance, it is prohibited from any payment which is over and above theRead MoreMoult Hall982 Words   |  4 Pagesthree main aims. Questions remain to be answered about the source of Revenue for Winstons proposal. Johnathan and Ingrids proposal with the prospect of Local Authority funding and is deeply in the best interests of the Trust. QUESTION 1 (A) This profit statement included the capital costs to set up the project as Winston will be proposing this to the Trust and the trust would need to be made aware of the all costs including set up costs. We are not told who will finance the set-up costs,

Reflective Analysis Communication

Question: Discuss about theReflective Analysis for Communication. Answer: Introduction After studying all the aspects of management, I understood that management is a team which controls people and things related to them. When managing, managers deal with all activities that come in their way and exercise control over a team of many members. Managers do encounter multiple challenges such as ruined personal relationships with the team members when exercising their managerial powers. Most managers have poor social relations because they make many decisions that affect the co-workers and the team members either directly or indirectly (Bashshur, Hernndez Gonzlez-Rom, 2011). Communication is identified as the best way to deal with management challenges. In definition, communication is the sharing of information between parties. It involves the interaction between two or more members and entails sending and receiving data. Speaking up the idea why the changes are effected or the steps that are taken to solve the issues arising helps to generate positivity in the minds of the team members, making them accept the decisions without any dissatisfaction (Luo et al., 2016). Communication is the best way to ensure that the team members understand the project goals and what is required to achieve the goals. Learning Objectives After studying the video, I have learned the differences between a group and a team. A group is a collection of people sharing personal idea and own contribution for a certain purpose. The team, on the other hand, is a collection of many individuals who work for a certain goal/project. In a team, the primary focus is the teams needs not what individuals want to contribute from their end. The objectives of the project should be explained to all the team members so that they know how to work on it and what type of data is required to achieve the goal of the organization. Group performance and satisfaction can be influenced by certain factors such as individual behavior towards other members of the group. The contribution of the group members should be equally accepted. Cohesion between the group members is directly related to the outcome of the group. The more cohesive the group members are, the more effective will be the outcome of the group (Picazo et al., 2015). Groups with less coh esion tend to break sooner. The video also replicated that communication is the best way to make a team effective. The more team members cooperate with each other, they more likely they are to come with a better solution for a problem, which results in an effective positive solution. Communication gap is the biggest contributor to team failure. The video enlightens us on what challenges Managers face when managing teams. One such problem is understanding the concern of the team members and reacting to it with a positive solution I have also understood that organizational behavior is a study where the management needs to understand the behavior of individuals in the groups. Group performance can be affected by elements like the role given to the individuals, the behavior of the individuals and the norms which the group follows while working on the goal. Conflicts are something which can affect the group performance. These conflicts must be addressed by the manager and resolved. Managers form groups by taking into consideration the ability of an individual to contribute toward the purpose. The size of the group depends on the deadline of the task and the ability of the individual performance. The level of conflict between the individuals of the group is also taken into consideration while forming groups. Motivation is an aspect which can improve the group performance. It is important for the manager to ensure that the team members are motivated enough to perform their goals and objectives. Motivations factors have a profound impact on the self-efficiency of an individual. Motivation helps people to perform better and gain self-confidence. I understood that individuals in the groups should have the liberty to share their ideas and thought about the problem statement or the task that brings them together. When cohesion between these individuals is higher, the performance of the group also tends to be higher. Roles and responsibilities should be divided between the team members of the group so that the group may achieve the best performance. Some of the skills that I would suggest all the managers have in their groups for best performance of the group include socialization skills, inquisition, organization skills, harmonizing skills, and facilitation and digression skills. Good team members should have social skills. They should be people that support the group socially. They should take care of personal relationships between the team members. For example, they might come up with the idea of celebration once the project is delivered successfully. Another skill a manager should consider having in their groups is inquisition skill. An inquisitor is a person who can question the members of the group to understand the idea behind the minds of the individual with respect to the goal of the organization or the task of the team. For example, he/she can ask a group member when he thinks the project can be delivered to understand at what pace is the project needs to be worked. As an organizer, the member organizes and collects all the data and information that the group has collated for the project and organizes it in the required manner. He decides what information is required for the project and discards all other information gathered. He is the person who decides on the next step to be taken for the project. The harmonizer is the most important member of the group because he is the one who settles all the conflicts between the group members. This member maintains the harmony of the team. He convinces the group members for a particular idea on which they disagree thus keeping all the members of the group on the same page. The facilitator is the one who makes sure that all the group members get a chance to give a suggestion or an opinion about the task. He discusses with every individual on what he thinks about the project and whether he does have any other suggestion or opinion to make the project look better. Finally, a digresser is a member who is not worried much about the project and talk about everything else other than the project; he also discusses his personal concerns with the group members and asks them whether they have a solution for his personal problem. My personal understanding after studying this video is that a group should have all the members above so they may achieve the best outcome with the task given to them. It is the duty of the manager to divide these members in the group so that allocates the task to everyone and all individuals in the group give equal contribution for the project. If these members are not defined, it will be difficult for the group manager to manage all individuals personally and address their problems. Also, Management should ensure that the teams and groups what they have formed are working properly and if any changes are required within the groups should be addressed timely to ensure that the performance of the group is not affected. Leadership theories such as the skills theory, the situational theory, and the trait theory state that the leader should take decisions according to the members of the group. Skills theory teaches a leader to perform his leadership depending upon the skills that the group members have. Different individuals have different skills which together give out the best performance. Hence, the roles of the team members should be defined keeping their skills into consideration. The situational theory explains what the leader ought to behave in different situations. Different situations demand a different type of leadership qualities (Thompson Glas, 2015). The members should learn to adapt to different circumstances and act accordingly in a group. Leadership traits also include factors like adjustments, intelligence, self-efficiency, etc. Leaders should possess most of the leadership qualities to be successful. They should have the capability to understand the team concerns and take decisions accordingly. In their simplest form, motivation theories seek to explain the motivating force that transforms our thoughts into actions (Reeve, 2016). While there may be many motivational theories, each of them tries to explain the same motivational idea with different words. There are three broad categories of motivational theories. They include Hedonic or Pleasure Motivational Theories, Growth or Actualization Motivational Theories, and Cognitive or Need-to-Know Motivational Theories. Hedonic or pleasure theories are the largest category of motivational theories. As the name suggests, they are based on the role of pleasure in organizing our lives (Tu Lu, 2016). They posit that the most effective way to motivate an individual is by exposing him or her to naturally motivating stimuli. According to these theories, managers should use the concept of drive-reduction or drive-arousal to have an optimal motivation within the team or the group. Examples of hedonic theories include Herzberg's Motivation Theory, Instinct Theory of Motivation, Attribution Theory, and Opponent- Process Theory. Cognitive, otherwise known as Need-to-Know Motivation Theories lay emphasis on the cognitive process that takes place within an individual (Hertel, 2011). The theories view motivation in terms of active information-processing where individuals, whether consciously or subconsciously evaluate the positivity of acting in a particular behavior, thus gets motivated. Some of the associated theories include cognitive dissonance theory, goal setting theory of motivation, reversal theory of motivation, and Equity theory of motivation. To keep the group motivated, managers should have the members set and own the group/teams goal and once achieved; the manager should ensure the members are celebrating success. Other theories include Maslows Hierarchy of need and self-determination theories. References Bashshur, M. R., Hernndez, A., Gonzlez-Rom, V. (2011). When managers and their teams disagree: A longitudinal look at the consequences of differences in perceptions of organizational support.Journal of Applied Psychology,96(3), 558. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/869630778?accountid=35392 Hertel, G. (2011). Synergetic effects in working teams.Journal of Managerial Psychology,26(3), 176-184. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683941111112622 Luo, W., Song, L., Gebert, D., Zhang, K. and Feng, Y. (2016). How does leader communication style promote employees commitment at times of change? , Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(2), pp.242-262. Picazo, C., Gamero, N., Zornoza, A., Peir, J.,M. (2015). Testing relations between group cohesion and satisfaction in project teams: A cross-level and cross-lagged approach.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,24(2), 297. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1648987945?accountid=35392 Reeve, J. (2016). A grand theory of motivation: Why not?Motivation and Emotion,40(1), 31-35. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9538-2 Thompson, G., Glas, L. (2015). Situational leadership theory: A test from three perspectives.Leadership Organization Development Journal,36(5), 527-544. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1689305989?accountid=35392 Tu, Y., Lu, X. (2016). Do ethical leaders give followers the confidence to go the extra mile? the moderating role of intrinsic motivation.Journal of Business Ethics,135(1), 129-144. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2463-6

Julius Ceaser Essay Brutus Character Analysis Essays -

Julius Ceaser Essay: Brutus Character Analysis Marcus Brutus William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in charge of the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After examining Brutus' relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, and his importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if he/she is close to him/her. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar but fears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, "What means this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their king?yet I love him well."(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to "climber-upward?He then unto the ladder turns his back?"(act 2, scene 1, ll.24,26). As the quote says, Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesar's death. "Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome?"(act 3, scene 1, ll.185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot see their(members of the conspiracy) hearts, which are full of pity. Again, this shows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says to himself, "I know no personal cause to spurn at him?How that might change his nature?"(act 2, scene1, ll. 1,13) Caesar's relationship with Brutus is also strong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless of personal danger. On the Ides of March, as Caesar was assassinated, Caesar's last line is: "Et tu, Brute?--Then fall, Caesar."(act 3, scene 1, l.85). This shows that Caesar would not die without Brutus' stab. Caesar realizes that there must be a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again shows how much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, but in different ways. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the "back-bone" of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus' main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesar's assassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for another "insurance policy" for the assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, "Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. "(act 3, scene 1, ll.135-136). Again, if Brutus leads the way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasn't such a bad thing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is to save Rome. He says to the people that, "If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene 2,ll.21-24). If Brutus was not in the plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the conspiracy would probably not have worked. Since Brutus "?loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene2, ll.23-24), he decided to be a part of the conspiracy. If he hadn't loved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not have continued on without Brutus because they would have no "insurance" afterwards. The people would think that there was no reason for Caesar's death and most likely beheaded all the conspirators. Also, if Brutus was not in the play, the whole end of the play would not ever occur. Brutus would not be there to have an army or kill himself, and Cassius will already be beheaded. If Brutus was not in the play, the title would have absolutely no meaning. Marcus Brutus was a

Frank Lloyd Wright Essays - Frank Lloyd Wright, Taliesin

Frank Lloyd Wright Essays - Frank Lloyd Wright, Taliesin Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was born as Frank Lincoln Wright on June 8, 1867. He was born in Richland Center, which is in southern Wisconsin. His father, William Carey Wright, was a musician and a preacher. His mother, Anna Lloyd-Jones was a teacher. It is said that his mother placed pictures of great buildings in young Franks nursery as part of training him up from the earliest possible moment to be an architect. Wright spent some time growing up on a farm owned by his uncle, which was located near spring Green, Wisconsin. He was of Welch heritage, and was brought up in the Unitarian Religion. Wright briefly studied civil engineering at the university of Wisconsin in Madison, and then moved to Chicago to work at an architectural firm. In 1887, he was hired as a draftsman by the firm of Alder and Sullivan. At the time, the firm was designing Chicagos Auditorium Building. Wright eventually became the head draftsman, as well as the leader of the firms residential designs. After obtaining these responsibilities, Wright began to design and apply his own architectural ideas. In 1889, he married his first wife, Catherine Tobin. He also began designing houses, which was against his firms policy because they were required to follow the designs sent to them, not make their own. When his boss discovered this, Frank was fired. His house designs, however, were incredible. They showed the start of Wrights low, sheltering rooflines, the prominence of the central fireplace, and intricate geometric designs on both doors and windows. Wright started his own firm in 1893, working out of a studio that was built in onto his home in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago. Between 1893 and 1901, 49 buildings by Wright were built. During this period he began to develop his ideas, which would come together in his Prairie House concept. Into 1909, he developed and refined the prairie style, and founded this concept in architecture, and his art of this early productive period in his life is also considered as part of the arts and crafts movement, because many of his designs not only had plans for the structure of the house, but ideas of decorating the interior as well. This very productive phase in Wrights career ended in 1909, when he left his wife and five children to go to Germany. He was joined there by Mamah Borthwick Cheney, the wife of a former client and now his girlfriend. From 1912 to 1914, Wright and Cheney lived together at Taliesin, a home he designed near his uncles farm in Spring Green, Wisconsin. This ended when a crazed servant murdered Chaney and six others, also setting a fire that destroyed most of Taliesin. During the years 1914 to 1932, Wright rebuilt Taliesin, divorced his first wife, married and separated form another woman (partially due to the fact that he spent some time in jail), and met his third wife, Olgivanna Milanoff. His architectural designs during this period included the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, Japan, and many California homes. Few commissions were completed toward the end of this period, but Wright did lectures to various architects, and published articles, including An Autobiography in 1932. Wrights output became more organized and individualized, with the help of numerous apprentices who assisted in design detail and site supervision. His most famous work, Fallingwater, was designed in 1936. He also began working on a project called Taliesin West in Arizona. The Taliesin Associated Architects, The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, and the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation are living legacies of what Mr. Wright founded in 1932. Few buildings were produced during the war years, but the G.I. Bill brought many new apprentices when the war ended. This post-war period to the end of his life was the most productive. He received 270 house commissions, and designed and built the price tower skyscraper, the Guggenheim Museum, and the Marin County Civic Center. Wright never retired; he passed away on April 9, 1959, at the age of 92 in Arizona. He was buried in the Graveyard at Unity Chapel at Taliesin in Wisconsin. In 1985, Olgivanna Wright passed away, and one of her wishes was to have Frank Lloyd Wrights remains cremated

Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Essay Example

Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Essay Example Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Paper Supplier Relationships and Negotiations Paper Good relationships with suppliers are essential for running successful businesses. Managing supplier relationships can be a challenging and resource intensive operation. It would also require time and energy to be invested. Hence, it is important that the management identifies priorities in this area and focus their attention there. Segmenting the vendor base is one practical way of accomplishing this task. That is, instead of treating all vendors in equal footing, giving preferential treatment to key vendors is the right way to go. This is especially valid when the business enterprise is fairly large. The management needs to assess supplier relationships in terms of their complexity and criticality and then prioritize. In order to ascertain how complex the relationship with a particular supplier is, the following factors should be considered: â€Å"1.Number of individual relationships (contracts) your organization has with the vendor. 2. Variety of information products licensed from the vendor. 3. Degree of fragmentation of the vendor group, i.e., to what extent does the group act as autonomous units?† (Brevig, 2008, p.28) Criticality, on the other hand, is the negative consequences that the company would suffer if a particular vendor was not available. Hence, it is fairly obvious that depending on complexity and criticality of any supplier relationship management efforts toward maintain a healthy relationship should be decided. For example, â€Å"If the vendor relationship is uncomplicated and noncritical, you should probably use an opportunistic approach focusing on managing costs. Dealing with such vendors at arm’s length is adequate and the least resource-intensive. For vendor relationships of medium complexity and criticality, a collaborative approach is more appropriate.† (Brevig, 2008, p.28) Strategic relationships are another option that can be pursued for those suppliers who are deemed extremely important for the short-term and long-term operations of the company. It takes a lot of time, effort and energy to build strategic relationships. It also requires the involvement of top management from both parties to ensure its success. One of the key objectives of strategic management is to leverage the total potential with one solid relationship instead of many. Another aim would be to fully avail of the expertise offered by the supplier. (Bendixen, et.al, 2007, p.3) Skilful negotiation is another feature of supplier relationships. Negotiation is usually considered an art then a systematic method. Negotiation is defined as the amicable reaching of agreement among all involved parties. Successful negotiation depends on three important factors. The first is the compelling drive to succeed. Second is the strong comprehension of fundamental concepts; and third is good fortune. In essence, success or failure in negotiation is more dependent on â€Å"actions, inaction, habits, idiosyncrasies, blinders, insights and clever strategic movements of the individual involved, more than the terms of the agreement or other formal elements of the proposed transaction.† (Hanselmann, 2001, p.60) There are three different types of negotiation. These are: â€Å"The first is internal, which primarily involves managers and employees focusing on work and employee issues, such as job roles, pay, goals, priorities, tasks, productivity and deadlines. The second type of negotiation is external. This type of negotiation occurs between an organization and an external party, such as a customer, a suppler or your insurance carrier. All of us in the credit profession are involved in external negotiation on a daily basis. Some examples of external negotiation are bid proposals, delivery schedules, quality, deadlines, financing and the approval to supply our customers on a credit basis. The third type of negotiation is legal, which involves an organization abiding by the legal requirements of the various governing agencies.† (Hanselmann, 2001, p.60) Bendixen, Mike, Russell Abratt, and Preston Jones. â€Å"Ethics and Social Responsibility in Supplier-customer Relationships.† Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 12.1 (2007): 3+. Brevig, Armand. â€Å"Getting Value from Vendor Relationships.† Searcher Oct. 2008: 28+. Hanselmann, Jacob J. â€Å"Success in Negotiation.† Business Credit Sept. 2001: 60+. Good relationships with suppliers are essential for running successful businesses. Managing supplier relationships can be a challenging and resource intensive operation. It would also require time and energy to be invested. Hence, it is important that the management identifies priorities in this area and focus their attention there. Segmenting the vendor base is one practical way of accomplishing this task. That is, instead of treating all vendors in equal footing, giving preferential treatment to key vendors is the right way to go. This is especially valid when the business enterprise is fairly large. The management needs to assess supplier relationships in terms of their complexity and criticality and then prioritize. In order to ascertain how complex the relationship with a particular supplier is, the following factors should be considered: â€Å"1.Number of individual relationships (contracts) your organization has with the vendor. 2. Variety of information .

To Do the Right Thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To Do the Right Thing - Essay Example Lies, even the smallest ones, weaken relationships and lead to bigger problems down the road. When I sat and thought about what Learner spoke, i felt, most people in principle would agree that lying is wrong. However, I believe that lying is much more than the untruths that can come out of one's mouth. It is, too often, also in the way one lives their life. There is no justification for a lie, no matter what its form. An essay such as this allows one to sit for a few moments and examine his life. I found myself sitting here thinking about what examples I could share that were a 'good enough' to be recognized as a lie while, at the same time, maintain a balance so that it would somehow seem acceptable. The reader may see my words and think to himself that, given the same situation, he would do the act or speak likewise; that somehow his justification would make my lie right. In doing that very thing, I was, in effect, doing what I had just stated was never justified. I was making my own life, my very existence, into a lie. Not in word, perhaps, but a lie, none the less. So, in truth, I offer you an example of a lie within my own life. In trying to convince ourselves that, somehow, there must be a reason for telling a lie no matter for what reason, I found myself imaging what it would be like to live in a place where exactly wha

Encountaring DAMIEN HIRST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Encountaring DAMIEN HIRST - Essay Example This group of artists has been very controversial around the world, but especially in England where they came to prominence in the early 1990s. Almost all of them attended Goldsmiths College in London and were bought in the early stages of their career by the rich collector Charles Saatchi. Tracey Emin is a good example. Her most famous installation piece is called The Bed and takes the form of a double bed around which are many personal objects from her life. Another pair of London conceptual artists are the Chapman brothers, Jake and Dinos, who focus a lot of attention on torture and suffering in their work, going so far as to cast life size sculptures based on images from Goya’s Disasters of War. These artists all have in common the desire to shock and sensationalize and tackle subjects that are rarely considered to be art. The critic Matthew Collings had this to say about these London-based conceptual artists: Nobody can quite sum up what they stand for. The advance public ity of Brilliant! presents them as cheeky cockneys and punk rockers oppressed by the Thatcher junta, dodging IRA bombs, living in squats, and making rough and ready art that screams with rage and isn't intended for pristine white gallery space, but for rough and ready warehouse spaces in London's cockney East End. But no conceptual artist has been as controversial as the London artist Damien Hirst, who was born in 1965. In the beginning, while still a student at Goldsmiths, he helped to organize and exhibit art by other London YBAs.

Eth125 r8 stereotypes prejudice 1 Essay Example for Free

Eth125 r8 stereotypes prejudice 1 Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: ?Race ?Ethnicity ?Religion ?Gender ?Sexual orientation ?Age ?Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race All Mexicans are illegal. All Asains are bad drivers. Blacks are good at all sports. Gender Women are bad drivers Men are dirty. A woman can’t work the same jobs as a man. Disability Disabled people are sick. Someone with a disability should be treated special. Disabled people will not have a fulfilled life. Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. ?What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? There is no positive aspects of stereotypes in any form because judging others by sterotypes is wrong and gives people the wrong ideas about a group of people baised on looks. There is no positives in grouping people all into one category and leaving no room for individuality. ?What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? There are many negitive aspects of sterotypes and one is that a communitie is never treated as a whole because of the stereotypes given. People are labled and put into different catigories because of the sterotypes that have been labled on them. Copyright  © 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet ETH/125 Version 8 2 Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. ?Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. Stereotyping is when a person is labled into a large group of people instead of just their own individual category. Prejudice is when someone has a certin attitude towards a group. Prejudice is more associated with discrimination then stereotyping. Groups that are prejudice can be violent. Hate crimes are committed because of people’s prejudice and racism. ?What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? I believe the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is the same because it has the same results. Violence results from peoples ignorant views on different cultures. Sterotyping just enforces the views that racist people have. We have had to create laws just to keep people from fighting other people based on the color of there skin. ?What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? I think that if we educated people to not be judgemental and teach our children while they are young that everyone is equal to them and should not be judge on the ethinic background, culture, gender, sexual orentaion, and religion then prevention of prejudice will stop occurring. People learn how to be prejudice from ignorant adults who are close minded and racist. Copyright  © 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

Sonata Allegro :: essays research papers

Sonata Allegro form was a development of the classical era. It represents a more open form than many of the earlier Baroque forms such as fugues, rondeau form, etc. While there is a formula that can be applied, there was not a rigid, formal concept for the form. Rather it evolved over the classical era and beyond. Haydn was one of the early exponents of this form. It was named "Sonata Allegro," because the final Allegro movement of a Sonata was most often created in this form. It is by no means restricted to this general rule, however. In fact there are no hard and fast rules in writing a Sonata Allegro form. However many trends can be attributed to the form, generally, Sonata Allegro form can simplistically be described as an "ABA'" form. The first A section is called the "Exposition." ( This section is repeated verbatim in classical performance, actually making the overall form "AABA'"). The B section, or "Development" follows the Exposition. It usually uses some material from the Exposition, but in a more or less radically altered way. In the A' section or "Recapitulation," the A material returns relatively intact. Each of these sections has a relatively complex internal pattern as follows: The Exposition states the main thematic elements and has its own internal form as follows: 1) A Primary key section which contains: a. the Principal or Primary Theme which is a phrase or more in length and establishes home key, b. a Transition between the Primary Theme and the Related key section. The transition can modulate to the new key, develop ideas of first theme, change mood in preparation for related key section through mood metamorphsis, introduce new material, possibly contrasting with both primary and related key sections, anticipate of ideas in second theme, be omitted, produce a deceptive modulation, or be non-modulatory if in major. 2) A Related key section which contains the Secondary or Subordinate Theme which is most often in the dominant or relative key, and can be similar or contrast in content to the Primary Theme, the Closing section, which confirms the new key, and may be derived from other themes. Next comes The Development. This is an open and free-form section of the Sonata Allegro movement, usually based on thematic materials from the Exposition. The Development can be varied in length, sometimes short and little more than a re-transition to principal theme, sometimes a large dramatic section containing a theatrical climax, sturm und drang.

Disadvantages of monopoly Essay

†¢ Higher prices and lower output Monopolies often mean that prices will be higher and output lower than is the case for an industry where competition prevails. Firms in one industry are producing under conditions of perfect competition, while the other firm is operating under conditions of monopoly. The costs of production are the same for each industry. †¢ Excess profits High profits made by the monopolist are not necessarily an indication of efficient methods of production. The monopolist may, in fact, be using its market power to raise prices above marginal costs in order to increase its revenues. †¢ Higher costs and x-inefficiencies Under competition, firms strive to minimize their inputs to produce a given level of output. Firms do not necessarily have to produce at the minimum efficient scale to be technically efficient, as long as they produce at the lowest costs for their given scale of output. Firms which produce on the average cost curve are technically efficient or x-efficient. In other words, they produce at the lowest cost possible given their respective sizes. Competition normally implies that firms will be x-efficient. However, if firms are insulated from competition, as is the case for monopoly, then there is less incentive to minimize costs. Firms may instead adopt ‘expense preference’ behavior by investing in activities to maximize the satisfaction of senior managers, at the subsequent sacrifice of profitability. †¢ Price discrimination Monopolists as sole suppliers can discriminate between different groups of customers (based on their respective elasticity’s of demand) separated into different geographic or product segments. A monopolist can practice price discrimination in several ways: †¢ First-degree price discrimination. Often referred to as perfect price discrimination, this involves the monopolist charging each customer what he or she is willing to pay for a given product. By doing this the monopolist can increase revenue and erode any consumer surplus which consumers might enjoy. †¢ Second-degree price discrimination. The monopolist charges customers different prices based on their usage. In other words, consumers might be charged a high price for initial usage, but lower prices for subsequent units consumed. This type of pricing has been used in industries such as electricity, gas, water and telephony. †¢ Third-degree price discrimination. In this case, the monopolist separates customers into markets based on different demand elasticity’s. Customers with inelastic demand are charged higher prices than those with elastic demand. †¢ Restrictive practices Monopolists often use unfair practices to keep potential rivals out of the market. Even if rivals are successful in entering the market, the monopolist may choose to eliminate these firms by various restrictive price and non-price strategies such as predatory pricing and vertical restraints. †¢ Limited technical progress Some evidence suggests that technical progress is often slow when a single firm or group of firms dominates an industry. As they face no real competitive pressures, monopolists are under no real pressure to spend any abnormal profits earned on research and development of new product and processes, which is often seen as a risky investment. Consequently, technical progress in these industries is likely to be slow. Reference: http://classof1. com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/.

Ethical and Legal System Essay

For many years healthcare industries all over the world are known for operating under various legal regime systems, which often threaten hospitals, health plans as well as physicians with very severe and stiff sanctions for any violations they perform on the standards that are set for the healthcare industries. In this case, legal systems in the healthcare industries have managed to eliminate waste in uncontrollable healthcare industry systems. The legal systems have also managed to maintain the high standards offered in many healthcare industries today and not allowing them to ever go down as well as impending the reliance that healthcare, industries may make on private contracts which they do so in order to escape the tyranny caused as a result of inefficient standards (Feldman, 2000). Health providers on the other hand possess broad powers collectively or individually under industry connections that are mostly supported by the legal systems in the healthcare industry. These powers held by health care providers assist them to declare without cost constraints the types of services that patients should receive at the expense of the society. Under the legal system in the healthcare industry, certain situations especially those that involve the well being and physical health in relation to the quality of life-saving diagnosis as well as their availability are the most common compelling subjects that majority of juries and judges usually face. In the American economic activity, the annual representation of healthcare is approximately $ 2 trillion. The expenses cover innovations under diagnosis in surgery, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. There is also heavy government involvement in the health care industry. Moreover, a number of difficult issues that include expenditure, individual rights and equity often result in the attraction of attention from the public and frequent debates and this is mainly because this industry constitutes such a rapidly part of the American economy (Feldman, 2000). This paper will focus on Premier Inc. an organization in the healthcare industry, discussing its ethical and legal systems as well as the strengths and weaknesses of these systems available at Premier Inc. Premier Inc. is one of the strategic healthcare alliance organizations in United States today. It is owned by at least 200 leading healthcare systems and hospitals in America and its operations are mainly affiliated with almost 1,500 hospitals as well as other healthcare sites. In addition, Premier Inc. rovides resources that assist in the delivery of healthcare services in areas such as comparative data, insurance, group purchasing, benchmarking as well as supply chain improvement. Its main goal is to improve the communities’ health and brings forth nationwide knowledge with the aim of improving local healthcare (Voien, 2000). This is done through gathering financial and clinical data from its organizing committees as well as over hospitals that are its members in order to assist in decisions for sponsoring seminars, conferences and alliance with the main purpose of sharing the available practices that are good and effective. As a result, Premier Inc. is able to bring together any chaotic, inefficient and fragmented health care system hence enabling the provision of high-quality services in healthcare industry at the least costs. Facts are also applied by Premier in order to bring about best products and practices which result in patient outcomes that are of high quality. The organization shows its commitment in improving its operational and clinical performance by offering assistance to its members and providing performance informatics, supply chain service, insurance programs, resources that relate to performance improvement as well as group purchasing programs. The organization’s headquarters is located in San Diego with its offices in Washington, D. C. Chicago and Charlotte Premier Inc. is also dedicated to fulfilling three of its six indicators and one of the best indicators in its sample is the Code of Conduct in the company, which is thorough as well as easy to follow (Voien, 2000). Among the issues that the code highlights include the guidelines in the conflict of interest in the company, through this code, employees are often shown on how to contact the manager of the Ethics Compliance. In addition, people who call the manager are confident since, their phone numbers are not displayed as the organization has a potential phone violations code. The organization is also committed in providing the best workplaces in United States and this is mostly done by the company’s efforts in creating an organizational culture which aims at rewarding employees, behavior that is value-based, training which is essential in assisting employees to attain their maximum full potential, rewarding assignments as well as feedback. Employees at Premier are also treated with respect and this is mostly done by respecting their privacy, respecting the employees’ confidentiality records and also aiming to aid the aspirations of their employees especially those that are related to their work. (Voien, 2000). Employees at Premier are also urgently informed on any issues that affect them and listening to their concerns and ideas that they recommend. The organization also shows its commitment in promoting and protecting the safety and health of all of its employees and it forbids any use of illegal drugs by its employees. A dismissal is issued to anyone found possessing, using or even selling illegal drugs anywhere within the company’s property. Premier Inc. of the United States has several responsibilities that it aims to provide to its employees as well as patients in America. The organization aims to effectively make use of the available resources of the organization in order to support all of its members. In cases whereby there is emergence of conflicts in the organization, Premier has its responsibility focused on the avoidance of any conflicts of interest. The organization also aims at conducting its business with a lot of integrity, seeking guidance in situations whereby the organization is unsure of how to go about an impending problem and lastly the organization also has the responsibility of reporting any business practices that are unacceptable in the organization. For instance, premier has been aiming to implement the organization’s new code of conduct of Group purchasing since early 2002 (Voien, 2000). In addition, Premier organization has a number of ethical standards that help in its everyday operations. Among its ethical standards include the integrity of the enterprise and all individuals at Premier. Another ethical standard refers to the creation of real value that concerns the stakeholders as well as heading the place and a bias for any action and performance passion and also innovations at Premier. This means that the company aims at seeking a number of breakthrough opportunities, initiating any change which is meaningful as well as taking risks. Lastly, focusing people through respecting and showing concerns for all its employees, establishment of relationships with the entire community by building collaboration and this also applies to Premier’s business associates, workers and customers is also an ethical standard at Premier (Voien, 2000). In its ethics policy, Premier urges all its employees to exercise faith that is good in nature while undertaking all their responsibilities including various duties. They should also administer all of the company’s affairs economically and honestly as well as carrying out best care, judgment and skill so as to benefit the company. In addition, Premier Company forbids any activities that employees may be carrying out with the aim of gaining their personal advantage either in the way that they use their positions in the organization or also the knowledge that they gain while still at the organization and this also applies to financial gains. The organization also urges all its employees to carry out their duties as well as acts and these should adhere to the best interest of the company. In order to ensure that the company is committed in establishing best business practices that are ethical, Premier has set out to communicate to stakeholders and also providing important information which is useful to them especially in understanding the organization’s commitment in providing high standards of conduct. Moreover, Premier assists all of its employees by giving them additional guidance that will help them in decision making which is ethical. In 2002, Premier instituted an Ethics And compliance program whose main objective was to demonstrate the company’s strong commitment in providing high standards as relate conduct in the organization and this is mainly done in order to preserve the reputation that the company holds as well as enhancing the quality of the service delivery in the health care system that is offered to the community (Feldman, 2000). This program is a product of all the employees in the company who often work in order to put into practice the company’s principles. There other are other units at Premier that work hard to ensure that the high standards that relate to the company’s conduct are well infused in many business activities that take place at Premier. They include Human resources, Advocacy, Legal, Corporate communications as well as ethics and compliance units among others. The central support for the program is provided by the ethics and compliance office that often with employees, suppliers, owner members as well as the senior management at Premier in order to ensure that premier’s business practices are able to constantly meet all those standards that are set in the existing Group Purchasing Code of conduct at Premier as well as the Guidelines of the Business Conduct hence establishing the company’s commitment to the ethical conducts that are set. Lastly, the Board of Directors at Premier in 2006 altered the code relating to the company’s Group Purchasing Conduct which aimed at clarifying the provisions in the conflicts of interests in a better way especially in regarding established relationship among vendors and businesses. The legal system at premier is mainly seen at the premiers Legal Department which monitors and ensures that everyone at the premier acts according to the stated established federal laws (Feldman, 2000). These systems at Premier have had quite a number of positive implications to the organization. One advantage is that it has been able to establish integrity and trust among the employees because of the organization’s commitments to its employees and as a result it has out –performed many organizations in the healthcare industry in the United States as well as establishing a good reputation for the company. The legal systems have had a positive a positive impact on employees especially in relation to the codes of ethics o0f the organization. Doctors, Physicians and Nurses have maintained high standards in the way that they offer services to patients by offering quality and best practices as a result of the improved delivery systems in the healthcare services. Another advantage is that members have been able to get the right products and at the right prices hence enhancing the outcomes of patients who utilize the resources available at Premier. However, these systems also pose a major weakness to those who are directly or indirectly linked into it. The main weakness is that the policies lead to the creation of a monopoly whereby it is the organization that decides on the price and value that it can offer to its consumers and this directly affects the other organizations under the health care industry that are kept out of competition. It is therefore essential that the organization strives to openly communicate with all stakeholders, as well as meeting all requests that are reasonable so as to gather the required information. In conclusion, it is also essential to remember that an organization’s ethical conduct is as a result of collective conducts as relates its officers, board of directors and employees as well as enhancing open communications with these groups. As a result, this leads to a transformation in the healthcare delivery system of an organization.

Chickamaugans Win The Battle

Chickamaugans Win The Battle On the days of September 19-20 1863, the Confederate Army of Tennessee engaged in battle with the Army of the United States army of the Cumberland in a deathly struggle.We, the south, were trying to take Chattanooga, Tennessee before Rosecrans, who was also trying to take Chattanooga to gain its resources. He came upon us and we retreated to lake of recognizance. We then proceeded south passed Chickamauga Creek and waited for reinforcements from Mississippi and Virginia. Once the Yankees came, our army was enlarged to 65,000 soldiers, three thousand more than the Army of the Cumberland.Rosecrans then moved passed Chickamauga Creek and into a large, highly, dense forest which caused confusion on both sides. General Braxton Bragg, the Confederate general, moved his men forward. The fighting started. We consentrated on his left flank and Bragg reserved three divisions for later. It was two days but on the second day there became a supposed gap in Rosecrans blockade.Fort Rosecrans Nation al Cemetery Receives Two Bus ...

Learning Pronouns - Beginner Level ESL Lesson Plan

Learning Pronouns - Beginner Level ESL Lesson Plan The use of pronouns often seeps into the lessons in a number of different aspects: Subject pronouns are discussed when forming and conjugating sentences in the various tenses, object pronouns are introduced through questions words such as who or by a discussion of transitive and intransitive verbs, possessive pronouns and adjectives also get thrown into the mix by discussing the question word whose, or when pointing out how the possessive adjective modifies the noun. I find it helpful to to wrap all these together in a single lesson, as well as the demonstrative pronouns this, that, these and those to help students understand the relationship between the various forms. The lesson comes in two parts: First, students review, identify and create a pronoun chart. Next, students begin to use the pronouns to refer to objects that they have placed on a table. Finally, once students have become relatively comfortable with using personal pronouns, they can add demonstrative pronouns to the mix. Here is an outline of the lesson. This lesson can be used as a means of review, or, as an introduction to the various uses of pronouns (and the possessive adjective) for exceptionally motivated classes. Aim: Develop a deeper understanding of personal and demonstrative pronouns Activity: Chart fill-in, personal object questioning Level: Beginning to lower-intermediate Outline: Reviewing the Forms with a Chart Write four sentences on the board each containing a different type of pronoun (or possessive adjective), preferably using the same person. For example:He has an interesting book.Give him that interesting book.Thats his interesting book.That interesting book is his.Point out the grammatical differences in form between each of these forms. If students have never studied these forms before in an overview, print out this pronoun chart or write on the board.Using the same sentence with minor variations, go through each pronoun and possessive form for various subjects. Ask students to provide the correct change for each sentence as a class.Once students have become comfortable with these changes, ask them to fill out the first chart providing the correct pronoun or adjective form. Understanding Demonstrative Pronouns Now that the explicit learning has been accomplished, its time for some fun. Place a table at the front or in the middle of the classroom.Ask each student to provide an object or objects on the table.Begin asking questions using the objects. At this point it is also a good idea to introduce the idea of demonstrative pronouns. First model the questions and answers: For example:Teacher: Whose is this backpack here? - That is Marcos backpack there.Is this Annas pencil? - No, that isnt Annas pencil.etc.Explain that this and that are used with single objects, these and those are used in the plural. Point out that this and these are used with objects that are here (or close by), and that and those are used objects there (or far away). Phrases such as this - here / that - there are helpful.Continue asking questions with this and these eliciting students responses of these and those. Real World Task to Tie it All Together Ask students to come forward and choose an item which does not belong to them. Each student should create four sentences about the object(s) they choose. For example:This is Annas pencil.She has a pencil.It is her pencil.The pencil is hers.I give her the pencil.(student walks over and hands the item back)Feel free to model this a few times until the students understand what is expected.Repeat with different personal objects. The activity of getting up and retrieving items while using the various forms will help students acquire the grammar through real world application. Pronoun Chart Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I you his hers its none we your theirs

Cross Cultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cross Cultural Communication - Essay Example Part 1 International Journal of Cross Cultural Management (IJCCM) In managing of the global conflict resolution, attention should be given to cross cultural factors. Whereas the value of culture in managerial behavior has long been acknowledged, intellects of political science are still coming to terms with the perception and its repercussions. Conventional approaches to disagreement stress the dominance of the state while overlooking several the distinctive internal features, which vary between nations. Foulkes & Bercovitch view culture indeed has a weighty outcome on how nations view the world, conduct themselves in it, and handle their conflicts. Culture has become crucial in the existing environment, where largely conflict occurs frequently between factions, alienated along cultural lines, within a nation. Evaluation of the relevance of ideas, and cultural differences does undeniably have a substantial impact on arbitration and conflict resolution. The journal also elaborates the effects of effective communication and motivation in a cross-cultural environment. European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management (EJCCM) This journal explains the extensive field of cross-cultural examination with an allusion to an organization in practice. The chief purpose is the establishment of a podium for the debate on cultural matters in current industry across several disciplines and cultures. In the spirit of its founding organization, EJCCM influences contributions from dissimilar fields of science involved in the interrelations and relations amid culture. The journal encourages papers about the dynamics of cross-cultural interactions in Europe. Key challenges Building of trust between employees and management of an organization is very important. Group members should be capable to rely on each other’s words and work as a team. Trust is a considerable challenge in cross-cultural groups, as people only tend to trust those from their nations and the sa me culture (Thomas, & Thomas, 2008, 134). Trust building is beneficial if the team leader and team members working together at a similar location for a long time, despite diverse nationalities (Steers, Sa?nchez-R, & Nardon, 2010, 213). Managing of people from different nationalities has different convictions and perceptions. This diversity makes it a challenge to manage them especially when a conflict occurs. Bosses need to apply different leadership styles in dealing with conflict (Velo, 2012, 40). Managing of language and cultural issues is another challenge. In any conflict resolution, communication is inevitable. In managing of a cross-cultural conflict, where different people speak various languages, it is essential for individuals to appreciate one another (Velo, 2012, 40). Synchronizing the languages and cultural aspects to enable people have a common ground remains a challenge (Thomas, & Thomas, 2008, 134). As a team leader, working with members from different cultures has b een a vast experience. Every step in the team was a learning experience. The group taught us that diversity is strength. The tasks assigned to us went well as we were able to respect each other’s opinions to find a common ground. We remained objective during the entire session focusing on the group’s mandate and not personal mandate. From a management point of view, we learnt tolerance, empathy and respect. Since we are from different backgrounds, there was a need for

Edgar Allan Poes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edgar Allan Poes - Essay Example Both the stories are written using the same technique by Edgar Allan Poe. He has used the narrator as a tool to describe the events in both the stories. This essay would further revolve around the two stories and present the differences and similarities found in both the stories. Edgar Allan Poe has explicably written both the works to show the madness that is prevalent in the world. He uses the technique of a narrative to describe both the stories along with the justice that is served in the ending of both stories (Poe 375). Poe uses the first person experience to narrate both the stories so that the readers can take an insight in the scenes of the horror fiction. Poe gives a detailed explanation of the lives of the two narrators in the stories aforementioned in the beginning so that the readers can grasp the scenes of the story. Both the stories follow the genre of horror and fear as the author shows psychological trauma and fear in the characters that are being played by the narra tors. These themes can be clearly seen in the quote taken from the story ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ which says ‘I cut off the head and the arms and the legs’(Poe 7). ... â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† depict the extent to which a human being can go and the narrative serves to explain the reader that the narrators are not as mentally sound as they argues that they are. The mental state of both the narrators can clearly be said to be inappropriate even though they argue that they are sane enough. In both the stories the narrators are the killers and they kill for reasons that are only known to them. It can be seen that both the works have quite a lot of similarities but upon close analysis it can also be seen that the works have a difference. In the ‘The Black Cat’ the narrator kills the cat and his wife unintentionally whereas in â€Å"The Tell Tale† the narrator plans out to kill the old man as he fears his eye. Poe places the factor of anger differently in both the stories as it is seen that the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† takes out his anger on a living thing that can possibly not r esist. However in â€Å"The Tell Tale† it is seen that the narrator takes out anger on a person who can resist. It is also seen that the beginning in both the stories is different as in ‘The Tell Tale’ the narrator gives out the ending in the opening paragraphs whereas in ‘The Black Cat’ the narrator gives the whole account at the end of the story. The plot of the stories is shown differently to the readers by Poe to but in the end both the narrators are caught for the crime that they commit. In conclusion it can be said that Poe has written two classical works in the genre of horror to present the insanity of individuals in a different perspective. He has used the object of fear as a tool to describe the scenes in the stories so that the readers

IKEA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IKEA - Case Study Example Now, employees need motivation because it gives them more reason to work, other than the fact that they need to earn their fixed salaries. They need to have more reasons to get up everyday, go to work and try their best in their tasks. It is important to understand employee behavior because without this, companies would definitely lose profit and gain a deficit in their output. IKEA, a Swedish home furnishings retailer, is known as the world's largest designer and retailer of well-designed, inexpensive, and functional furniture for the home. (IKEA: A Natural Step Case Study 1998) A Dutch-registered organization runs IKEA and it has put in 15% improvement annually in this past ten years. INGKA Holding BV (the umbrella company of IKEA) is wholly owned by the Stitching INGKA Foundation, a non-profit foundation registered in the Netherlands. Millions of customers visit their 378 stores in about 36 countries, with 30 more set to open this year. Most of these stores are located in Asia, Europe, Canada, Australia and the United States. About 11, 000 products in IKEA's line are shown in the 80 million catalogues that they distribute. As for the manufacturing itself, IKEA does this in their own production facilities with the help of their 2400 suppliers in 65 countries. IKEA also boasts of having a hold of employees totaling to 36, 400. In 1943, IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad, then a 17 year-old boy in Sweden. IKEA is an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name (Ingvar Kamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home county (Agunnaryd, in Smland, South Sweden). (Wikipedia 2008) Kamprad shortly transformed his venture into a mail order service which sells furniture. In 1953, he opened the first IKEA showroom. His primary strategy was to allow for the creation of ground-breaking furniture which would give customers the ease to construct the products themselves and purchase them at an affordable price too. Now, the IKEA employees are at the customers' disposal for inquiries and such but the customers are free to select, order, take and construct what furniture they pick. The money saved by IKEA in expenditures was used to give customers discounts. Not long after, the stores got bigger and eventually started to carry eating places like restaurants and recreational facilities for children like play areas. Kamprad distinctively said in December 1976 that "What is good for our customers is also good for us in the long run." (IKEA: A Natural Step Case Study 1998) What IKEA does Since 1990, IKEA has shown interest and action in putting forth an environmental thrust. With their Natural Step Framework, they aim to create a proper environmental plan. The said plan in effect brings about changes in IKEA's products and services in order to conform to their frameworks principles and demands. In 1992, the environmental policy was transformed into an Environmental Action Plan describing concrete and practical measures for the mid-1990s. (IKEA: A Natural

A chiropractic office Essay Example for Free

A chiropractic office Essay A chiropractic office lost all of its computer data, and I was hired for the amount of time that it would take me to type up all of their hard copies into their new computer system. It took me a total of two weeks to type up a three-foot stack of papers. The skills required were mainly typing and editing skills, and sometimes I had to be able to read the doctor’s handwriting. I felt that no further motivation was necessary regarding skill level, since I am a quick, accurate typist and I enjoyed learning about various alternative health remedies as I went along. I completed the entire stack of papers by myself, and I found the solitary work to be relaxing and enjoyable. I felt that my job was, indeed, meaningful since many of the papers were standard legal forms or alternative health information or recipes for kidney stones or other ailments. At any given point in time, I was either directly assisting the chiropractic office or the patients thereof. Since I was a friend of the chiropractor and a trusted member of the staff, I was given full autonomy to complete my assignment on my time, at my discretion and on my schedule. That motivated me to do a stellar job in a short amount of time. Afterward, everyone was impressed by the quality of work I did, but especially the short amount of time in which I did it. I felt satisfied and like I accomplished something worthwhile and in an efficient manner. Â  I will use this same chiropractic office as my next example. An example of strategic planning is when the chiropractor refers the patient to their next appointment, telling them what needs to be checked up on or corrected next time. In this manner, he is not leaving it up to the patient to decide, but recommending a timeframe for when they should return. In this manner, for as long as the patient needs his help, he is providing himself continuing clientele. An example of functional-level planning is when he hired me to type up his paperwork or hired a receptionist to take care of patient evaluation and scheduling of appointments. In this manner, he is allowing himself to give the patients his full, undivided attention which will heal them faster, and allocating other work responsibilities to other people. In this way, he remains organized and punctual. The differences in decision making between the chiropractor and, say, his receptionist is drastic. If the receptionist were to determine when a patient was finished with treatment, a patient could be over-treated or under-treated and lose a lot of money, which would be spread by word-of-mouth and cost the business lots of money. And if the chiropractor made it his responsibility to take care of the tax reports, he would spend hours away from his treatment table, when he could be taking walk-ins or checking the status of a patient’s healing.

religion vs. psychology Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spirituality and psychology are two complex subjects to discuss and they become even more complicated when you try to relate one to the other. Psychology deals with the processes of sense perception, thinking, learning, cognition, emotions and motivations, and personality, focusing on the behavior of individuals. Spirituality, on the other hand, is all inclusive. â€Å"Spirituality is living one's life from the realization that the body/mind/ego personality we have been taught to identify with is just the tip of our iceberg, our little head sticking through the window of the senses into this world, whereas our true body is the universe. It is recognizing that our perceived world is mostly an illusion, a shared dream we are asleep in, and that the goal of life is to awake to our real Self which is vast and multidimensional--already intimately connected with all of creation, with a twin shadow self that is already scripted, mostly primitive, and hidden from us, bu t that this whole Self is already One with this mystery we call God/dess whose essence can hardly be understood, but to which we give names as Eternal Wisdom, Ultimate Reality, Birther of all Life, S/he Who Is, etc.† So, how can someone take two complex subjects and use one to enhance the other in their life? Is it possible to use a school of psychology to enhance the spiritual life of a person? By analyzing one school of psychology (Rational Emotive Therapy) and by focusing on how it can keep one from focusing on negative and selfish thoughts/acts, how it can make one focus on the things that matter most in life, and how it can help one in spreading a positive way of living, we will see that it is possible for RET to enhance our spirituality. However, we must first learn what RET is all about. Rational Emotive Therapy is amazingly simple. All it entails is for an individual to perform self analysis on their way of thinking and to eliminate all the grandiose words from their vocabulary. By taking the musts, always, nevers, and everyones from our vocabulary, and by replacing them with desire, prefer, and hope, we are more likely to understand that many of our problems and barriers are self made. Instead of viewing each problem in our lives as the end of the world, using RET allows us to step back from the situation and to take a realistic view at the situation. By mapping out... ...rove the things that are within ones control. This way of thinking allows one appreciate the gifts that they possess and how to better utilize them. Other people become less of a factor in one’s unhappiness or emotions, making one in control of their own life and destiny. These results in the ridding of unnecessary quarrels and grudges that exist between those that one feels had wronged them. Therefore, their time is not consumed with negative emotions and thoughts. Instead, one can focus on the deeper meaning of their lives and how to improve it. They can become more comfortable with themselves and experience an inner calm and peace. They strengthen their spirituality and the way they go about their lives. They believe in themselves to make the world a better place. In hindsight, it really is amazingly simple. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baute, Paschal. Theological Library. Lexington, KY. Jan 95 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ellis, Albert. Better, Deeper, and More Enduring Brief Therapy. Brunner/Mazel. New York. 1996 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ellis, Albert and Harper, Robert. A New Guide to Rational Living. Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey. 1961

English charles dickens great expectations Essay

Discuss Dicken’s presentation of the relationship between Pip & Joe explain why it is important. Pip is a young boy who loves with his sister and her husband, Joe Gargery. One day while Pip is at the graveyard tending to his parents resting place he encounters a convict named Magwitch who forces Pip to give him file and food in order to escape. Then later on he is hired as a playmate by Ms. Havisham for the adopted daughter, Estella, who he later falls in love with and pursues most of his life chasing. Then Pip discovers he has a benefactor who remains a secret and he leaves his home in order to live in London. There he meets an old an acquaintance, Herbert Pocket, whom he met while visiting Ms. Havisham. Herbert and Pip become very close friends however while Pip is in London socially improving himself he neglects the friendship he has with Joe and as time goes by they gradually grow apart. Later on Pip meets his true benefactor but to his shock it was not Ms. Havisham but instead Magwitch who made a fortune. Magwitch decided he wanted to thank Pip and repay him by helping him escape and allows him to become a gentleman. However while Pip is visiting Ms. Havisham the estate is caught on fire and Pip does his best to try and save her. Magwitch wishes to escape and in the process Pip discovers he has a long lost daughter who he thinks is dead but is revealed it is actually Estella the love of Pips life. However Magwitch also dies in the process of trying to escape just before his conviction and then Pip falls terribly ill and is nursed better by his long time friend Joe and his new wife Biddy. Later on Pip realizes Estella is educated by suffering and the pair follow their own routes. There are a number of themes in this story which could include Suffering, Obsession and Greed. Each of these play a major part in the story and the build up of Pip’s journey in the story. But the main factor of the story is the friendship that Pip and Joe share and how it changes and it differs from the start but there are references made and short clips often show the respect and courtesy which Joe shows towards Pip. There are three main events which take place where they clearly describe the relationship that the two have and how Pip wants to become a gentlemen and how he wants to heighten his social and economic status effects how they treat each other. One of the three main events which describe the whole relationship that Pip and Joe have and how it progresses through the story is just after Pip’s sister dies where he teaches Joe to read and then Joe describes a very personal moment from when he was a child in this short piece you can see how close they actually were because in the rest of the story Joe does not show another moment from his past to anyone and see how much Joe can trust Pip and the respect in which he has for him. But this differs from when Joe decides to visit Pip in London there is completely different atmosphere no longer does Joe look to Pip as a frail young boy in need of attention and guidance but now a gentlemen and feels out of place and when he is drawn out of his comfort zone he feels alone and lost and this allows him to see Pip in a different light and also this works for Pip he has lived in London for a while and is used to the highest standard of people and living therefore when Joe decided to visit him he remembers the marshes and the home he used to live in and Joe as a common man and not as a socially accepted person.

Veterans and Ptsd

Veterans and PTSD Toni L. Enemy Hunter Psychiatric Rehabilitation/REHA 425 Professor McDermott October 29, 2011 Abstract The United States is seeing an increasing number of Veterans coming back from Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) being diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is affecting the lives of men and women, their family and those closest to them. The goal of this paper is to give some general information for women and their families experiencing PTSD. It will give symptoms and treatment options available to women veterans.Women Vets and PTSD According to the 2009 and 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), nearly 600,000 veterans aged 18 or older experienced a co-occurring substance use disorder and mental illness in the past 12 months. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is now becoming more prevalent with men and women in the military. How can th e families of the veteran better understand what to expect and how to deal with their loved ones suffering from PTSD? DefinitionAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) the diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms (Appendix 2). Challenges The British Medical Journal reported that veterans do not experience trauma or disabling symptoms until they return from the war (Gabriel & Neal, 2002).Friedman said PTSD symptoms appear when they return home trying to readjust to civilian life. When a person is on active duty in the military, if one does not have a physical injury then psychological symptoms are seen as a weakness and being a coward (Friedman, 2004). Those that did seek help found it difficult to be diagnosed bec ause they were not exposed to direct combat (i. e. hostile fire, returning fire, or seeing others injured). The veterans that do have PTSD from military trauma are from non-combative events such as sexual trauma.They may feel alone and worry about their families. PTDS is comorbid with traumatic brain injuries and other psychiatric disorders such as depression, social phobia, panic disorder, substance abuse, and mood and anxiety disorders (Feczer, 2009). [W]e deny that war changes its participants forever- †¦America claims innocence and goodness as fundamental traits. We believe that our young men and women should be able to go to war, get the job done, and return home blameless and well. (Tick, 2005) InterventionThe Readjustment Counseling Service is available for veterans who served in war zones, Vietnam Era Veterans, veterans that experienced sexual trauma while in the military, and for family members that have lost loved ones while on duty. At a Veteran Center, the services that are provided are: individual counseling, group counseling, marital and family counseling, addiction counseling, benefits assistance and referral, employment referral and counseling, community education, liaison with VA facilities, referral to community agencies, contracts with area counselors and Mobile Vet Center Outreach.The client first has to go through assessments to figure out the best therapeutic approach. They need to be screened for victimization, suicidal potential, addictive behaviors, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, and family assessment (Meichenbaum, 1995). Medications, along with therapy, have been the most helpful types of treatment for PTSD. The medications used are antidepressant medications, anti-anxiety medications, mood stabilizing medications, and other medications to ease nightmares, irritability, sleeplessness, depression, and anxiety (Feczer, 2009). It is important when interviewing the client to find out their childhood history.Many times trauma du ring childhood will not come out until later in life and it can be the underlying issue to their problems (Feczer, 2009). Therapy Modalities PET After a traumatic event, many individuals experience distress and signs of PTSD. The veteran may experience suffering when dealing with the recollections related to the trauma. This type of therapy helps by approaching those thoughts, feelings, and events that the client has been avoiding because of the stress they cause. By repeated exposure to the emotions it helps the veteran reduce the power thoughts have over the client.However, during the assessment, it is important to discuss with the veteran the main event(s) that causes the stress. By doing this at a comfortable pace, the exposure to that trauma can be dealt with accordingly (Creamer & Forbes, 2004). The first part of the therapy is education. The counselor will explain the treatment, the common trauma reactions and symptoms of PTSD. PET helps the veteran understand what the go als are for the treatment and what to expect for the duration of the upcoming sessions. Teaching methods of breathing techniques will help the veteran to relax.Breathing changes when a person becomes anxious or fearful. This is a short-term technique to assist in managing sudden distress. The third aspect of PET is in vivo exposure where the client has exposure to real world situations or events that may be anxiety-producing. This is safely done by approaching the situation that has been avoided because of the stress it causes. PET uses imaginal exposure where the veteran talks through the trauma(s) with the counselor. By talking, it helps the client to gain control over the traumatic events and realize that he or she does not have to be afraid of his or her memories.The overall goal is to work through the events from least to most traumatic events and what is comfortable for the client. This type of therapy is usually eight to fifteen sessions that last about ninety minutes (Resick , Nishith, Weaver, Astin,& Feuer, 2002). CPT Many times those with PTSD have problems dealing with their thoughts and memories of the trauma they have been though. They may get â€Å"stuck† in their thoughts and have a hard time making sense of what has happened or is happening to them. CPT helps in giving clients a new way of dealing with their thoughts and to gain an understanding of the events that haunt them.There are four parts to CPT: learning about PTSD symptoms, becoming aware of thoughts and feelings, learning skills and understanding changes in beliefs. CPT requires educating the client about PTSD and what to expect from the disorder. The veterans can ask questions and find out how the skills are going to help them. In this modality, the client needs to become aware of their thoughts and feelings. When bad things happen we want to know why they happen. Clients can get stuck in their thought process and not be able to let it go.However, with CPT a person learns t o pay attention to these thoughts that the trauma has caused and discuss how they make one feel. Then he or she can take a step back and see how it affects the person now. This will hopefully help the veteran think of the trauma in a different way. This can be done by writing about it or talking to the counselor. Next, the veterans need to begin learning the skills to help challenge their thoughts and question them as well. This is done by doing worksheets (appendix 1). These worksheets will help veterans decide the way they want to think and feel about their traumatic situations.These skills will eventually help in dealing with every day issues. Finally, there is trying to understand the changes in beliefs. There are common changes that happen after going through a trauma. There are going to be changes in the way a person thinks about safety, trust, control, self-esteem, other people and relationships. By talking about these beliefs, hopefully they can find a balance with the belie fs before and after the trauma. The approximate time for this type of therapy is twelve sessions. EMDR The final type of therapy is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing or EMDR.Clients that are involved in EMDR use imaginal exposure of their trauma and at the same time the counselor uses their index finger for them to follow back and forth. EMDR therapy seems to directly affect the brain by unlocking the traumatic memories, allowing clients to resolve them. Veterans work through the upsetting memory, beliefs, feelings, sensations until they are able to think about the event without reliving it. The memory is still there, but not as upsetting. It is like detaching oneself and watching a movie but relieving the trauma at the same time (Barton, Smith, Corcoran, 2011).Case Management, Employment and Vocational Rehabilitation According to the Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program that Congress prepared, case managers work closely with Vocational Rehabilitation Counsel ors (VRC) to create a rehabilitation plan. This plan consists of evaluation and planning for the future goals of the veteran. The veteran is evaluated to see if he or she is capable of independent living or will need rehabilitation services. The VRC is responsible to see that referrals for medical, eye care and dental are taken care of for the client.The vocational-education counselor will be able to assist the veteran in acquiring education, training, equipment, and financial aid if the client needs to develop new skills for employment. The President of the United States is also giving great tax breaks to employees for hiring veterans. The Counselor and Support Systems The downfall to helping veterans with PTSD is that there are not many counselors have the experience with this type of client. Counselors in this field are few, especially in the rural and underserved geographic areas.The VA resources are overwhelmed with clients so there is a backlog, which creates frustration with veterans. There are many that have contemplated or have committed suicide because they did not receive the help they needed. According to the National Center for PTSD, some may have had past mental health issues and may not have good support systems in addition to what was mentioned earlier. So that is why it is important to have a good support system and education is essential for the families when the veteran returns home. They will more than likely not be the same person as they were before they were deployed.Conclusion Veterans do so much for the United States citizens and we need to be thankful for the job they do for our freedom. The veterans put their lives in danger so we can live the life as Americans. Veterans deserve the respect and assistance when they return home to us. So it is my opinion that we do our best to ensure they can become productive citizens once again. I would like to be part of that team to assist in helping veterans adjust back into civilian life. I woul d like to see more citizens do the same by helping the veterans any way possible.Where would the United States be if we did not have such a great military team? References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Feczer, D. A. (2009). Forever changed: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in female military veterans, A Case Report. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. Friedman, M. (2004). Acknowledging the psychiatric cost of war. New England Journal of Medicine, pp 351, 75-77. Gabriel, R. A. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder or somatic dysfunction after military conflict may hide posttraumatic disorder.British Medical Journal, pp 324, 340-342. Tick, E. (2005). War and the soul: Healing our nation's veterans from post-traumatic stress disorder. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. Masson, N. (2010). Mindful Cognitive Processing Worksheet. Retrieved from http://drnataliemasson. com/images/Mindful%20Cogn itive%20Processing%20Worksheet. pdf Creamer, M. , Forbes D. (2004). Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, (Vol. 41, pp. 388-398). Resick, P. , Nishith, P. , Weaver, T. , Astin, M. , Feuer, C. 2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, (Vol. 70, pp. 867-879). Bartson, S. , Smith. , M. , Corcoran, C. (2011). Help Guide. EMDR Therapy. Retrieved from http://www. helpguide. org/mental/pdf/emdr. pdf Meichenbaum, D. (1995). A clinical handbook/practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) book. Florida: Institute Press. Appendix 1Mindful Cognitive Processing Worksheet 1. Describe situation briefly 2. List emotions (single words) and rate the intensity (0-1 00%) 3. List automatic thoughts. Circle â€Å"hot thought†. (For deeper work, identify the â€Å"core belief. †) 4. Observe breathing and body sensations. Describe these briefly. 5. Practice acceptance and validation. List thoughts that promote acceptance, non-judgment, validation. Take a few moments to practice breathing in an attitude of allowing things to be as they are without judging or trying to change/fix things. 6. List objective evidence that supports your automatic thoughts. . List objective evidence that counters your automatic thoughts. 8. Identify any distortions involved in your automatic thoughts. 9. Consider a more balanced thought. 10. Describe the outcome. List emotions, rate intensity. List any other reactions, observations. Bonus†¦ 11. Identify any core beliefs that could use revising†¦. and a more adaptive belief. 12. Consider behavioral experiments to disprove the core beliefs and support a new belief. Summary of some common cognitive di stortions: 1. Probability overestimations – overestimating the likelihood of a negative event 2.Mind reading – assuming what others will think about you Appendix 1 Cont. 3. Personalization – taking too much responsibility for a negative situation 4. Should statements – incorrect/exaggerated statements about how things should be 5. Catastrophic thinking – assuming that a negative event would be catastrophic 6. All-or-nothing thinking (Black ; White Thinking) 7. Selective attention and memory –attend to negative information, discount positive 8. Overgeneralization – a single event is taken as a sign of a global pattern 9. Fortune telling – predicting the future with absolute certainty 10.Negative core beliefs – negative assumptions about oneself. Taking an event and turning it into a core characteristic. (â€Å"I made a mistake† vs. â€Å"I am a loser†) 11. Emotional reasoning – believing that if you f eel as if something is true, that makes it true (Masson, 2010) Appendix 2 DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association revised the PTSD diagnostic criteria in the fourth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (1). The diagnostic criteria (A-F) are specified below.Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning. Criterion A: stressor The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following have been present: 1. The person has experienced, witnessed, or been confronted with an event or events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others. . The person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Note: in children, it may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior. Criterion B: intrusive recollection The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one of the following ways: 1. Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: in young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed. 2. Recurrent distressing dreams of the event.Note: in children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content 3. Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, including those that occur upon awakening or when intoxicated). Note: in children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur. 4. Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event. 5.Physiologic reactivity upon exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event Criterion C: avoidant/numbing Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by at least three of the following: 1. Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma 2. Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma 3. Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma 4.Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities 5. Feeling of detachment or estrangement from others 6. Restricted range of affect (e. g. , unable to have loving feelings) 7. Sense of foreshortened future (e. g. , does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) Criterion D: hyper-arousal Persistent symptoms of increasing arousal (not pre sent before the trauma), indicated by at least two of the following: 1. Difficulty falling or staying asleep 2. Irritability or outbursts of anger 3. Difficulty concentrating 4.Hyper-vigilance 5. Exaggerated startle response Criterion E: duration Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in B, C, and D) is more than one month. Criterion F: functional significance The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Specify if: Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than three months Chronic: if duration of symptoms is three months or more Specify if: With or without delay onset: Onset of symptoms at least six months after the stressor (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)